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Number systems & operations / LESSON 11

Complex numbers without losing the sign · CLEP College Algebra

10 min + practice · Original foundation lesson

A complex number has a real part and an imaginary coefficient. The defining relation i² = −1 determines how products and powers simplify.

A reliable method

Multiply complex expressions using distribution, replace i² with −1, and collect real and imaginary parts separately. Powers of i repeat in a cycle of four.

The common trap

The imaginary part of a + bi is the real coefficient b, not the symbol bi. Read whether the prompt asks for a coefficient, a full number or a magnitude.

Check and transfer

For conjugates a + bi and a − bi, the product is a² + b². This identity is useful for checking multiplication and rationalizing a complex denominator.

Worked comparison: identify the structure

Multiply (2+3i)(4−i): real contributions are 8 and −3i²=3, so the real part is 11. The cross terms are −2i+12i=10i. Treating i² as 1 would change the real part to 5.

Transfer and explain

Multiplication by −i sends a+bi to b−ai. For 2+5i the result is 5−2i, whose imaginary coefficient is −2. This rotation is not simply negating the original imaginary coefficient.

WORKED EXAMPLE

What is the real part of (3 + 3i)(2 − i)?

  1. Multiply the real terms and the two imaginary terms.
  2. Since i² = −1, the product of 3i and −i contributes positive 3 to the real part.
  3. The requested value is 9. Substitute or reverse the operation to check this result.
Answer: 9
Compare the other answer choices
3

Treat i squared as positive one instead of negative one.

6

Keep the real-real product but omit the imaginary-imaginary contribution.

12

Incorrectly apply the real coefficient two to the other imaginary term, using 3i times negative 2i and contributing positive six.

Try it, then explain it.

Complete a short set without looking at the example. After each answer, explain which operation preserved the relationship and why the result makes sense.

Practice this skill

Sources & authorship

Original Slope explanations and examples. References support the concepts; they are not the source of copied questions. Independent educator review is pending.

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