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Functions & properties / LESSON 09

Transformations and graph features · CLEP College Algebra

10 min + practice · Original foundation lesson

A graph connects algebraic form to coordinates. Shifts inside a function affect input positions, while shifts outside affect output values.

A reliable method

For a quadratic in vertex form a(x − h)² + k, identify the vertex (h,k) and the direction of opening. Use selected input-output pairs to check a transformation.

The common trap

The sign inside x − h can look opposite to the horizontal movement: a positive h shifts the graph right. Read the input that makes the inner expression zero.

Check and transfer

Intercepts and vertices solve different conditions. For a y-intercept, set x to zero; for an x-intercept, set the function value to zero.

Worked comparison: identify the structure

The vertex of y=2(x+3)²−5 is (−3,−5), because x=−3 makes the square zero. Substituting x=0 instead finds y=13, the vertical intercept. Vertex input, vertex output and intercept each solve a different condition.

Transfer and explain

Let h(x)=x² for x≥2 and h(x)=3x otherwise. At x=2, use the inclusive quadratic branch, giving 4. Applying the other branch gives 6 and violates the stated condition.

WORKED EXAMPLE

The function y = 2(x + 3)² − 5 has its vertex at (h,k). What is h?

  1. The inner expression equals zero at the vertex.
  2. Solve x plus the constant equal to zero; the positive sign inside indicates a left shift.
  3. The requested value is -3. Substitute or reverse the operation to check this result.
Answer: -3
Compare the other answer choices
0

Assume vertical stretching leaves the vertex at input zero despite the horizontal shift.

3

Read the inner plus sign as a rightward rather than leftward shift.

13

Report the y-intercept instead of the vertex input.

Try it, then explain it.

Complete a short set without looking at the example. After each answer, explain which operation preserved the relationship and why the result makes sense.

Practice this skill

Sources & authorship

Original Slope explanations and examples. References support the concepts; they are not the source of copied questions. Independent educator review is pending.

CLEP College Algebra exam overviewSiyavula Grade 10 foundation reference