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Algebraic operations / LESSON 01

Powers, roots and equivalent forms · CLEP College Algebra

10 min + practice · Original foundation lesson

Exponent notation records repeated multiplication, and its rules depend on the operation connecting the terms. A product, a quotient and a power of a power are different structures.

A reliable method

Rewrite expressions using one base where possible. Add exponents in a product, subtract them in a quotient with a nonzero base, and multiply them for a power of a power.

The common trap

An even root denotes a nonnegative principal value. The expression √(x²) equals |x| for real x, rather than always equaling x.

Check and transfer

Keep restrictions visible when simplifying. Cancelling powers of x in a denominator assumes x is not zero; algebraic appearance alone does not remove that original condition.

Worked comparison: identify the structure

For nonzero x, x⁷/x³=x⁴, while (x⁷)³=x²¹. Subtract exponents for a quotient, multiply them for nested powers. Testing x=2 gives 128/8=16 in the first case, which agrees with 2⁴ and refutes the added-exponent answer 2¹⁰.

Transfer and explain

Evaluate 4⁻²=1/16, not −16. Then √((−4)²)=4: a negative exponent changes a reciprocal relationship, whereas a principal even root chooses a nonnegative value.

WORKED EXAMPLE

For x ≠ 0, x^9/x^5 = x^k. What is k?

  1. The bases are equal, so subtract exponents in the quotient.
  2. The nonzero restriction belongs to the original denominator.
  3. The requested value is 4. Substitute or reverse the operation to check this result.
Answer: 4
Compare the other answer choices
9

Cancel the entire denominator without changing the numerator exponent.

45

Multiply the exponents as if the expression were a power of a power.

9/5

Divide the exponents rather than subtracting them.

Try it, then explain it.

Complete a short set without looking at the example. After each answer, explain which operation preserved the relationship and why the result makes sense.

Practice this skill

Sources & authorship

Original Slope explanations and examples. References support the concepts; they are not the source of copied questions. Independent educator review is pending.

CLEP College Algebra exam overviewSiyavula Grade 10 foundation reference