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Advanced Math / LESSON 18

Recover a model from changing inputs · PSAT/NMSQT Math

10 min + practice · Original foundation lesson

A model links the input interval to the way outputs change. Constant ratios suggest exponential structure; a horizontal shift changes which input reaches a known output.

Choose a representation

For equally spaced inputs, compare multiplicative factors over the same interval. Recover an initial coefficient by reversing a known factor. Track an original point through the inner expression.

Worked example

An exponential model has output 4 at hour 0 and 16 at hour 2. What is its positive multiplication factor per hour? Two hourly growth factors multiply to the observed two-hour factor 4. Take the positive square root of the two-hour ratio. Factor² = 16 ÷ 4 = 4; positive factor = 2. The requested value is 2.

Contrast a wrong operation

In that example, 4 follows this error: Use the two-hour factor as an hourly factor. The correct requested value is 2. Explain which quantity the mistaken method is actually calculating.

Connect a second form

f(4)=6. Define g(x)=f(x+9). At what input x does g have the corresponding output 6? Set the inner expression x+9 equal to the original input 4. Subtract the horizontal offset to recover the new input. Substitute the given numbers: 4-9 = -5. The requested value is -5.

Transfer and check

An exponential model has output 5 at hour 0 and 20 at hour 2. What is its positive multiplication factor per hour? Pause before checking. Answer: 2. Two hourly growth factors multiply to the observed two-hour factor 4. Take the positive square root of the two-hour ratio. Factor² = 20 ÷ 5 = 4; positive factor = 2.

Boundaries of the method

A two-hour factor is not automatically an hourly factor. An inside subtraction shifts a graph right. A known function output should not be replaced by its input. This lesson samples a PSAT/NMSQT objective; its examples are original and do not claim official question status or full coverage.

WORKED EXAMPLE

An exponential model has output 4 at hour 0 and 16 at hour 2. What is its positive multiplication factor per hour?

  1. Two hourly growth factors multiply to the observed two-hour factor 4.
  2. Take the positive square root of the two-hour ratio.
  3. Factor² = 16 ÷ 4 = 4; positive factor = 2.
  4. The requested value is 2.
Answer: 2
Compare the other answer choices
3

Use the output difference divided by the starting value as a factor.

1/2

Reverse the direction of growth.

3/2

Divide the relative two-hour increase by 2 rather than taking the factor root.

Try it, then explain it.

Complete a short set without looking at the example. After each answer, explain which operation preserved the relationship and why the result makes sense.

Practice this skill

Sources & authorship

Original Slope explanations and examples. References support the concepts; they are not the source of copied questions. Independent educator review is pending.

Math specifications